Understanding the Dynamics of Divine Forgiveness to resolve Interpersonal Transgressions: An Islamic Perspective

Abstract

Forgiveness is a central moral virtue in Islam, deeply rooted in the Quran and Hadith. This qualitative study explores the concept of Divine Forgiveness (DF) and its application in addressing interpersonal transgressions. In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 religious scholars (8 men and 8 women) with minimum five years of experience, and data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Three core themes emerged: Definition of DF, Benefits of DF, and Process of DF. Within the Definition of DF, participants highlighted the divine attributes of Allah Almighty as Al-Ghaffar, Al-Afuww, Al-Raheem, Al-Rehman, and Al-Tawa’ab, emphasizing repentance (Tawbah) as a means to communicate with Allah. They also dispelled myths by clarifying the roles of Al-Qahhar (the Subduer) and Al-Muntaqim (the Avenger) in the broader context of mercy. Key Benefits of DF included accepting human fallibility, resolving unhealthy negative emotions stemming from sin, facilitating blessings and prosperity, and strengthening faith. Scholars illustrated how sincere repentance not only alleviates guilt and anxiety but also fosters humility and emotional well-being. The Process of DF encompassed the contextualization of minor and major sins, detailed steps of repentance (acknowledgment, remorse, and resolution not to repeat the sin), and expiation or atonement practices (such as charity and additional prayers). Notably, for interpersonal transgressions, seeking forgiveness from the victim is crucial alongside divine pardon. Overall, the study underscores DF as a spiritually transformative process that promotes emotional healing, fosters interpersonal reconciliation, and cultivates a compassionate social ethos. Clinical psychologists, counselors, and researchers may integrate these insights to address mental health concerns and relational conflicts in Islamic context.