Copyright Policy

Authors publishing with the iRASD Journal of Economics (JOE) retain full copyright of their work. All articles are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). This license permits others to share and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided proper attribution is given to the original authors and the journal. Commercial use of the content is not permitted under this license.

By adopting the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, iRASD JOE ensures its content is freely accessible and reusable for educational and research purposes, aligning with the open-access standards.