iRASD Journal of Educational Research (JER) is an international bi-annual double-blind peer-reviewed open access journal addressing the issues of Education published by the International Research Alliance for Sustainable Development (iRASD). Online ISSN: 2791-0644 Print ISSN: 2791-0636
International Research Alliance for Sustainable Development - iRASD
Greening Education: A Framework for Sustainable Development Integration in Education Systems
Greening Education represents a transformative shift in educational paradigms, aiming to embed sustainability values, ecological literacy, and social responsibility into curricula. Rooted in systems thinking, lifecycle perspectives, and learner empowerment, this holistic approach equips students to address complex, interconnected environmental challenges. Centered on developing nations such as Pakistan, this paper explores the theoretical foundations, pedagogical strategies, institutional roles, and policy measures necessary for integrating sustainable development into education. Drawing on global and regional evidence, it highlights both opportunities and challenges, offering actionable insights for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners committed to advancing climate-resilient education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tahira Akhtar, Muhammad Imran Khalid, Muhammad Azeem Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Vegan is a person who does not eat any animal products. Vegan diet has benefits on weight reduction and risk of obesity that increases the risk of cardiovascular or heart disease. When Thai teenagers contribute to obesity from too much unhealthy foods. Vegan cyber community (Vecy) improve Vegan knowledge, performance, and satisfaction of Thai teenagers by experimental for 1 weeks with one group 66 samplings teenagers aged 20 in year 2025. There were five phases of research by ADDIE model. Phase 1, Analysis vegan contents; Phase 2, Design Vecy; Phase 3, Develop Vecy to access at htps://nadoon.online/indexeng2023.html; Phase 4, Implement Vegan Cyber community (Vecy); Phase 5, Evaluate Vegan Cyber community (Vecy). Approximately 90.91% of teenagers have knowledge product of vegetable such as Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), Radish (Raphanus sativus), Kale (Brassica oleracea), Bean Sprout (Pisum sativum), Potato (Solanum tuberosum), Corn (Zea mays), Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum), Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Clover (Trifolium Pratense), Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica), Marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.), Carrot (Daucus carota), Yard Long Bean (Vigna unguiculata var. sesquipedalis.), Green pea (Pisum sativum.), Black bean (Phaseolus mungo), Soybean (Glycine max). The fruits are Dragon Fruit (Hylocercus megalanthus), Apple (Malus domestica), Kiwi (Actinidia chinesis), Avocado (Persea americana Mill), Banana (Musa spp.), Honneydew Melon (Cucumismelo L. var. cantalpensis), Peach (Prunus persica), Orange (Citras Sinensis), Pomegranate (Punica granatum). Thai teenagers had positive satisfaction of Vegan cyber community (VeCy) to apply in daily.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wilawan Si https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Adaptation of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Methamphetamine Dependence in Pakistan: A Heuristic Framework
Substance use disorder is a challenge for the whole world, but currently many new types of drugs are being introduced to young adults. Methamphetamine use is an escalating concern in Pakistan especially among youth and other populations. To address this unique psychosocial challenge, the traditional treatment plans are often falling short, and hence there is a need to adopt new interventions which can give promising results like Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Its focus on value-based living and psychological flexibility offers a promising alternative. Hence, there was a need to culturally adapt ACT to be effective in the sociocultural context of Pakistan. The heuristic framework was employed to adapt a Motivational Interviewing/Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (MI/ACT) transdiagnostic manual for substance use and co-occurring mental health problems (Thurstone, Timmerman & Metzler, 2018) for methamphetamine dependence in Pakistan, integrating evidence-based strategies with contextual relevance. This framework helped in the adaptation of the ACT manual by addressing linguistic translation, cultural sensitivities, family involvement, stigma, and systemic barriers while preserving the theoretical integrity of ACT.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mafia Shahzadi, Aqila Unbrin, Aftab Hussain, Qasir Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing Students’ Perceptions Toward Self-Assessment and Its Impacts on Their Critical Thinking
Self-assessment plays a fundamental role in measuring students’ success as it enables them to look upon their performance, development and to improve their learning. This study sought to understand how students felt about self-evaluation and to measure their perceptions and its effects on critical thinking. The targeted population were all the students of public universities of Pakistan, that were selected through convenient sampling. A questionnaire consists of four-point Likert scale that was administered to selected 460 respondents of BS, Masters and M.Phil. The statistical package for social sciences software was used to examine the data that was collected. Mean score and standard deviation were calculated. The primary findings of the research indicated that critical thinking enhances learning, develops capacity for decision-making, and helps in solving problems in pupils. It has been shown that self-assessment helps students understand more effectively how to recognize and address their own learning challenges. The students consistently recognized that self-reflection improved their comprehension of the material covered in class. More research should expand on the findings of this study in order to improve students' critical learning outcomes and make use of self-assessment as a teaching tool.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pasban Mehdi, Muhammad Javed, Naveed Jamal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study the Classroom Management Practices at Secondary Level: Class Teacher Perception
The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between students’ self-discipline and classroom management at the secondary school level and to assess secondary school teachers’ awareness regarding effective classroom management practices. This quantitative study utilized primary data collected through structured questionnaires administered to secondary school teachers in District Bahawalnagar. The data were collected during the academic year 2023–2024, using a stratified random sampling technique to ensure representativeness across various schools. A five-point Likert scale was used to measure responses, and the data were analysed through descriptive statistics, reliability testing, regression and correlation analysis. The findings indicate a significant positive relationship between students’ self-discipline and effective classroom management. Moreover, the study reveals that while many teachers demonstrate an adequate awareness of classroom management strategies, gaps still exist in the implementation of best practices, particularly regarding the integration of educational technology. The research highlights the importance of fostering a supportive classroom environment, strong teacher-student interactions, and the use of modern instructional strategies. These results emphasize the need for targeted teacher training programs, policy revisions to incorporate digital tools in classroom settings, and the promotion of student-centered teaching approaches to enhance learning outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Latif Javed, Muhammad Zaman Faridi, Aqsa Ismail, Abeera Latif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of Leadership Development Program for Secondary School Heads: Perceived Satisfaction, Learning and its Implementation
This study intends to evaluate the leadership development program of secondary school heads in Pakistan. The leadership development program consists of the level of learning, perceived satisfaction, and implementation of learning. The population for this study was 334 head teachers of Lahore district. Stratified sampling technique was employed to draw 100 head teachers (both male and female) from five Tehsils of Lahore district. While, quantitative research design was used to conduct this study. A questionnaire was used to collect the data on five points Likert scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Findings have shown that satisfaction was found at the top level with 54.40 mean score of the three variables analysis. While, implementation was found at the lowest score of 42.95. Considering different age brackets, learning was at top level, satisfaction was in the middle and implementation was at the lowest level. One-way ANOVA showed that satisfaction was at top level, learning was in the middle and implementation was at the lowest level. Considering gender female showed greater score than male in learning, while male showed greater score than female in satisfaction. On the other hand, implementation was found at the lowest level. Findings imply that a concrete policy of monitoring and implementing the leadership development should be initiated. Additionally, periodic assessment should be introduced to evaluate the implementation of leadership development program. Finally, feedback from teachers regarding the implementation by head teachers should be the part of the policy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syed Kaleem Ullah Shah Bukhari, Abdul Hameed Qamar, Muhammad Abiodullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Teachers' Multitasking on the Academic Performance of Students with Hearing Impairment
The objectives of the study were to explore teachers' views on multitasking in schools. Another objective was to highlight the impact of teachers’ multitasking on students with hearing impairments' performance. This study was quantitative and descriptive. Data was collected from the teachers of students with hearing impairments using a simple random sample technique (N = 124). A Structured questionnaire was used as the study’s instrument. Validity of the instrument was examined through the two fields’ expert and reliability coefficients were 0.836. The study’s findings revealed that most respondents, 63.5%, responded that teachers’ multitasking impacts the academic performance of hearing-impaired students. This study recommends special education department provide direction on programs of regular activities to teachers from the field of hearing impairment to enhance the efficiency in the schools.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kashif Iqbal, Zunaira Sajid, Shahzadi Uma Ammara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Navigating the Digital Shift: Analyzing Teachers' Perceptions of Transitioning to Online Platforms at Higher Education
This study examines university teachers’ perceptions of transitioning from traditional classroom instruction to online learning platforms. The research was conducted among 217 faculty members from three public universities in Multan: The Women University Multan, Bahauddin Zakariya University, and Emerson University Multan. A randomly selected sample of 160 teachers participated in the study. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and frequencies) and inferential statistics (t-test). Findings indicate that prior experience with traditional educational methods significantly predicts teachers' perceptions of online learning, suggesting that familiarity with conventional teaching practices influences adaptability to digital platforms. The study highlights the need for targeted faculty training programs to equip educators with the technological skills and pedagogical strategies essential for effective online instruction. Institutions should implement structured professional development initiatives to enhance digital literacy, student engagement, and instructional efficiency in virtual classrooms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maryam Naveed, Samina Akhtar, Darakhshan Siraj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Urdu Translation and validation of Hogg Eco Anxiety Scale
This study aimed to translate and validate the Hogg Eco-Anxiety Scale (HEAS) into Urdu to measure eco-anxiety among the Pakistani population. The study was conducted in two phases. First, linguistic and conceptual equivalence was ensured through translation and back-translation. Second, the scale was empirically validated through psychometric analysis using a purposive sample of adults from South Punjab. Test-retest reliability, cross-language validation, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed. A total of 40 participants were involved in the pilot study and 320 participants in the main validation. The CFA confirmed a one-factor structure with satisfactory model fit indices (Final Model: X2 = 95.167, df = 59, RMSEA = .038, CFI = .969). The Urdu version demonstrated strong internal consistency (X = .87) and cross-language correlation (r = .936, p < .001), confirming its reliability and validity. The validated Urdu scale enables researchers and clinicians to assess eco-anxiety among Urdu-speaking populations and guides public health interventions targeting climate-induced psychological distress.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fareeha Nayab, Saadia Zia, Maham Imtiaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring Students’ Perspective on Online Teaching-Learning Process: Opportunities and New Challenges
This study aimed to analyze students’ perspectives on the nature, opportunities, and new challenges of the online teaching-learning process at the higher education level. A quantitative approach was used to collect survey data from 751 students (358 males and 393 females) across five public sector universities in South Punjab, Pakistan. The study employed a Likert-type scale questionnaire designed by the researcher. Data were analyzed using SPSS. The findings revealed no statistically significant differences based on gender, faculty, or program concerning perceptions of online learning. While students agreed on the opportunities provided by online learning, the challenges varied among different universities. Key opportunities included digital literacy enhancement, flexible learning, and exposure to global learning platforms. Challenges included lack of interaction, network connectivity issues, and technical difficulties. Higher education institutions (HEIs) should provide workshops on digital literacy and guidance services to support students in overcoming online learning challenges. An asynchronous learning mode is recommended for flexibility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muazma Batool, Khalid Khurshid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Pivotal Role of Teachers in Fostering Morality: An Examination of the Challenges in the Revival of Islamic Moral Values
Re-focusing on moral growth is a vital requirement that cannot be neglected at a time when moral decadence has affected everyone, including children, adolescents, and adults. The present study aims to assess the role of teachers in fostering morality and their challenges in the revival of Islamic moral values. A qualitative approach with a phenomenological research design was adopted. The population of the study consisted of teacher trainers. Data was collected via semi-structured interviews to assess the role of teachers in imparting moral values and their problems in reviving Islamic moral values. 12 teachers’ trainers were approached via purposive sampling technique. After data collection data was analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The major findings of the study shed a welcoming light on the essential role of teachers in cultivating moral values in students. It also listed the major challenges that hinder the revivalism of moral values in education such as modernization, lack of professional training, less focus on the affective domain, lack of discipline, and excessive use of the internet.
Copyright (c) 2024 Syeda Fatima Niaz, Muzamila Akram https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Educational Management and Marriage Status: Transforming Domestic Life for Women
Women in South Asia have historically been marginalized and often overlooked, despite playing a crucial role in families, households, and various aspects of societal life. In many cases, women have not received the recognition or rights they deserve due to limited financial independence, societal preference for sons, traditional family responsibilities, and restrictive cultural norms. This study aims to examine the status of women in Balochistan, focusing on critical issues such as parda (veiling), education, marriage, and domestic life. The findings reveal that the societal position of Balochistani women significantly differs from that of women in Western societies. In Balochistan, societal organization is deeply rooted in gender-based roles, which perpetuate inequalities and severely impact women’s and girls’ lives. These inequities have far-reaching consequences, especially in underdeveloped regions like Balochistan. The lack of equal access to education for girls has led to negative outcomes in health, poverty, and reproductive health, further hindering progress in the region. Various cultural, social, and economic factors continue to influence and undermine women’s status in Balochistani society.
Copyright (c) 2024 Salma Nawaz, Taqadus Bashir, Qudasia Habib, Malik Shahzad Shabbir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of AI and ChatGPT in Enhancing Learning Achievement Among University Students: A Quantitative Analysis
This study aimed to explore the students’ Role of AI and ChatGPT in Enhancing Learning Achievement Among University students in public sector universities. A quantitative research method was used to conduct the research investigation. The study's population consisted of 9854 students from the three public universities in district Multan. To complete this research, a sample of one hundred and ninety-seven students (n = 197), including female (120) and seventy-six male (76) students, was selected through a convenient sampling approach from the faculty of education. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t-test). The results indicated that the students were positive toward the artificial intelligence ChatGPT. The study recommended that training workshops be used to demonstrate to students how to leverage these technologies responsibly and efficiently in educational institutions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rabail Qureshi, Shaista Noreen, Ghazala Ismaeel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development and Validation of the Self-Objectification Scale for Assessing Psychological Well-Being in Educational Context
Presently, the youth suffer from much psychological distress due to overly emphasized outlooks and physical appearances by the media and society. This study aimed at the development and validation of the Self-Objectification Scale (SOS). The first phase involved conceptualizing the scale and generating relevant items. The interviews were conducted, transcribed, and analyzed, leading to the creation of items aligned with McKinley and Hyde's self-objectification theory. In the second phase, the scale items underwent content validity by expert evaluation. The third phase involved a try-out study. In the fourth phase, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted on a sample of 306 adolescents selected by random sampling, aged between 19 and 25 years. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted on another sample of 256 participants by random sampling. Results for EFA showed KMO yielded a value of .873 and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity was statistically significant. The CFA yielded a Normed Fit Index (NFI) of .95, a Comparative Fit Index (CFI) of .97, a Goodness Fit Index (GFI) of .97, and a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) of .07. These results suggested that the model fully meets the conventional criteria for the good fit indices. Cronbach's alpha was found to be 0.70. The Pearson correlation for concurrent validity between the SOS and Objectified Body Consciousness Scale is 0.24, a significant positive relationship. Conclusively, to measure the phenomenon of body objectification, a reliable and valid instrument of SOS is developed for the Pakistani youth.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sameera Shafiq, Shumaila Nasreen, Safoora Tabasum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reference Point Model, Cue Validity and Possessive Constructions-An Exploration in Cognitive Grammar
Thirty participants from different L1 backgrounds (6 English, 6 German, 6 Japanese, 6 Chinese, 6 Greek) participated in production task. The experimenter used a set of sixteen pictures about possessive constructions which comprised of animate, inanimate, prototypical and non-prototypical stimuli for elicitation of possessive constructions in English language. The statistical analysis shows the significant effects of L1 and animacy. However, the effects of prototype were not significant. The factor animacy is dominant over other factors because the statistical results are only computed for the s-genitive constructions. The qualitative analysis also shows the similar results that participants preferred ‘s’ possessive for describing the animate possessum and ‘of’ possessive construction for inanimate possessum. The results of the experiment support Langacker’s model of Cognitive Grammar by demonstrating the form-meaning pairings that constitute its symbolic assemblies. For example, the different possessive constructions of “my” and “mine” represent different symbolic assemblies, each with a specific form-meaning pairing. This experiment examines how participants interpret and produce possessive constructions in English using the “form-meaning pairings” of Cognitive Grammar. It explores the influence of the reference point model and cue validity on the production of possessive constructions. The participants' responses reveal differences in the way they interpret and produce possessive constructions based on the reference point model, as well as on the degree of cue validity they assign to particular constructions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shazia Akbar Ghilzai, Ambreen Shahnaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effectiveness and Challenges of Non-Formal Education Programs in Punjab
Regarding the present research questions, this study sought to discover the difficulties encountered and the efficiency of the Non-Formal Education (NFE) programs. Proprietary data were then obtained from District Education Officers and Literacy Mobilizers from five districts using survey research. Internal reliability was acceptable, with Cronbach Alpha set at .700. Among those five districts data were collected from 5 different DEOs, 5 District Informatics Aides, and 64 Literacy Mobilizers through simple random sampling. Measures of ethical consideration were also observed during the research analysis to improve its reliability and credibility. The challenges of NFE including poor transport and insecurity and the issues of community participation were among the findings. Additional analysis was conducted and revealed a significant and positive relationship between NFE and the numbers of literates illustrating the key point that NFE has contributed to the betterment of the socio-economic status. Nevertheless, the majority of the respondents opined that the Non-Formal Education Programs are appropriate for the community. They proposed policy and funding interventions to enhance the scaling up of NFE programs and yielding of target education structures and services to all ministries.
Copyright (c) 2024 Tahira Rafiq , Samina Malik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Classroom management techniques on students’ performance at higher secondary level
Classroom management techniques play a crucial role in shaping students' performance by creating an organized and supportive learning environment that fosters engagement and minimizes disruptive behaviors. Effective strategies, such as establishing clear expectations and promoting positive interactions, directly enhance students' academic achievement and social development. The design of the study is descriptive in nature. This study was quantitative research. In the realm of quantitative research, positivism serves as the leading philosophical paradigm. Residents of the district of Lahore who were enrolled in public higher secondary schools made up the entire population. The questionnaires were the instrument that was used for the investigation. Experts' comments were used to determine the validity of the questions, and pilot testing was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaires. The use of inferential methods, specifically regression analysis, was made. The results of the research indicate that there was a highly significant effect of classroom management strategies on the academic performance of students who were enrolled in further secondary education.
Copyright (c) 2024 Fahd Naveed Kausar, Ifra Akram, Iram Gull Gillani, Muhammad Asif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Unveiling Leadership Styles in Work Life Balance: Insights from a Systematic Literature Review
The current study analyzed various leadership styles in the context of their impact on work-life balance (WLB) in organizational contexts. In this regard, a systematic literature review was conducted, where 19 peer-reviewed articles were analyzed, and published from 2003 to 2020. Whereas, relevant literature was identified through a systematic search on databases, such as Google Scholar, JSTOR, and PubMed, while utilizing keywords like 'leadership styles' and 'work-life balance.' It was revealed in the findings that transformational leadership is the most effective approach to cultivating a healthy work-life atmosphere while improving satisfaction and engagement. Whereas, Transactional leadership, emphasizes task completion and rewards, and is less promising for work-life balance, favoring organizational objectives over individual well-being frequently. Moreover, Laissez-faire leadership, known as limited direction, is connected with lower satisfaction and commitment. Consequently, the study emphasized gender-based research to handle the distinct work-life balance challenges, encountered by both men and women. It is also recommended to focus on leadership dynamics specific to organizations, especially in areas where work-life balance is vital. Additionally, essential policy proposals encompass the advancement of transformational leadership, gender-centric research, and adaptable work policies. Whereas, this review contributes to understanding the vital role leadership plays in enhancing employee well-being and organizational success.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saba Khalil, Wajeeha Aurangzeb, Jamila Begum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bridging the Gap: Analysis of Factors Influencing Students’ Performance in Public Primary Schools
This study analyzed the impact of different leadership styles on work-life balance (WLB) in organizational contexts. This research study conducted a systematic literature review, analyzing 19 peer-reviewed articles published from 2003 to 2020. Relevant studies have been identified by systematic searches on databases like Google Scholar, JSTOR, and PubMed, utilizing keywords such as 'leadership styles' and 'work-life balance.' Articles were chosen based on factors such as their emphasis on organizational contexts, empirical evidence, and significance to the subject matter. The articles were analysed to identify the influence of transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles on employees’ satisfaction, their engagement, and organizational commitment in relation to WLB. The findings from the review revealed that Transformational leadership is the most effective approach for cultivating a healthy work-life environment, hence improving satisfaction and engagement. Whereas, Transactional leadership, which emphasizes task completion and rewards, is less favorable for work-life balance, frequently favoring organizational objectives over individual well-being. Moreover, Laissez-faire leadership, marked by limited direction, is associated with diminished satisfaction and commitment. Therefore, the study emphasized the need for gender-specific research to tackle the distinct work-life balance difficulties encountered by men and women. Future research requires to concentrate on leadership dynamics specific to organizations, especially in areas where work-life balance is essential. Essential policy proposals encompass the advancement of transformational leadership, gender-centric research, and adaptable work policies. This review contributes to understand the vital role leadership plays in enhancing employee well-being and organizational success.
Copyright (c) 2024 Zubair Younas, Asia Zulfqar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From Belief to Practice: Understanding Response to Intervention (RTI) or Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS), Implementation among Primary School Teachers
The Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS), also known as Response to Intervention (RTI), is an educational reform initiative aimed at providing quality education and evidence-based treatments for all students. The main objective of the study was to investigate how teachers perceive the beliefs and practices regarding the RTI/MTSS process. The quantitative survey design was used to achieve the main goal for this study. Primary school teachers of these two districts (Multan and Jehlum) were considered a population regardless of their gender. 700 teachers were selected using a stratified random sampling method. A 34-item self-developed questionnaire was used to collect data. Inferential data analysis was used to compare the teachers' beliefs and practices about the RTI/MTSS process with demographic characteristics like location, gender, district, and teaching experiences. The study's results show that teachers had stable and clear ideas about the RTI/MTSS process. Although the teachers saw a moderate and small improvement in their practices, this suggests that their beliefs and actions did not match. The study also established that there were statistical differences in perceived norms between the male and female teachers, the teachers from the different districts, and the teachers with different experience in teaching, but no difference in vignette practices. Further research may attempt to investigate the commonality of the intervention process that has been effective at increasing rates and establish potentially teachable strategies in independent practice.
Copyright (c) 2024 Farhat Nasim, Erum Aslam Khan, Sarfraz Hussain , Inza Shoqat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Use of ChatGPT and Generative AI in Higher Education: Opportunities, Obstacles and Impact on Student Performance
A generative form of Artificial Intelligence now pervades all domains. Artificial intelligence technologies, especially ChatGPT, are increasingly prevalent in a multiplicity of fields, especially in education. This study investigated the impact of generative AI usage on student outcomes, analyzed usage patterns of ChatGPT and highlighted the challenges and advantages of integrating ChatGPT in higher education. Employing the descriptive survey method, the study's sample comprised graduate and post graduate students from Govt. Sadiq College Women University Bahawalpur, totaling (354) participants. Data collected through self-structured, closed-ended questionnaire was analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics along with correlation analyses and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The findings indicated ChatGPT is used by 51% students regularly and perceived as an effective way to rapidly complete academic tasks, provide personalized tutoring and provide 24/7 accessibility and alternative strategies, by most participant but they believe that over reliance on ChatGPT, limits student’s exploration capabilities, critical thinking and academic honesty.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sualeha Zafar, Farzana Shaheen , Jawaria Rehan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Analysis of Laboratory Skills Among University Science Students
Laboratory skills form an essential component of science education, fostering practical understanding and critical thinking among university students. This research undertakes a comprehensive analysis of laboratory skills among university students in Bahawalpur, aiming to assess their proficiency and attitudes towards practical science education. The research is conducted to find out the significance of laboratory skills among university students. The study gathers by quantitative data to provide a holistic understanding of the subject. The population for this study comprises university students enrolled in science-related disciplines in selected university students in Bahawalpur. The study's participants were departments of science including physics, chemistry, biology, zoology, and computer science. This study involved a random sampling. Sampling was comprised of appropriate University of District Bahawalpur. This study involved a sample randomly selected 300 science students from Govt. Sadiq College Women University and Islamia University Bahawalpur. The research finding evaluate the laboratory skills of these students, providing insights into their perceptions, attitudes, and experiences. Additionally, it shed light on students' mastery of analytical skills, safety measures, and their capacity to communicate scientific findings effectively.
Copyright (c) 2023 Saba Riaz, Saima Kousar, Rizwana Saddique, Muzammil Rafiq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Relationship between Bad Food Choice and Classroom Performance of Young Adults
This study examines the relationship between health care practices and classroom performance of students at university level, particularly eating habits with focus on junk food intake. It is important to look how these decisions affect young adults' academic outcomes given the rising incidence of bad food choices among young adults. The main objective explores the relationship between health care practices, particularly intake junk food, and the classroom performance at university level and to identify effective healthcare involvements and educational programs that can help to improve students' health practices, with a focus on falling junk food intake and enhancing classroom performance. The research understanding and comprehensive analysis of health care and classroom performance in Bahawalpur. The method of research was based on quantitative research. The study was descriptive in nature and self-develop questionnaire. Survey method were used to collect the related data for this study. The population for the study includes all university students enrolled in different departments. The study participators were belonged to different departments. This study was done by using a convenient sampling technique with a sample of 300 students from two universities. Findings showed that majority of university students were eating unhealthy food in the form of junk food that affect their academic performance. It was also found that the students with more health caring were good in classroom performance.
Copyright (c) 2023 Bushra Asghar, Sonia Iqbal, Rida Aamina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Social Media on Mental Health and Academic Performance: Evidence from Tertiary Level Education
The rapid evolution of technology, particularly social media, has made it an integral part of daily life and has significantly impacted every walk of life, including students and education. The current study aims to explore the positive and negative effects of social media usage on students' lives. The study seeks to investigate the influence of social media on the female students' academic performance and mental health. The research follows a descriptive nature, employing a survey technique to gather data. The target population includes 11 departments within a government sector female university in south Punjab, Pakistan. A random sampling technique was employed to select the sample, comprising 500 students. Researchers adapted and utilized a questionnaire, employing a Likert-type scale for data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed by field experts, and its reliability was determined through an independent sample t-test. Data collection involved researchers personally visiting the selected departments and administering the questionnaires to the students. Subsequently, the collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 22 software, employing frequencies and percentages for data analysis.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sidra Mukhtar, Abida Kousar, Nuzhat Ikram, Aneela Malik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perceived Effect of Moral Deficiency on Antisocial and Prosocial Behaviors Among Emerging Adults
The objectives of the study were to investigate the perceived effect of moral deficiency on antisocial and prosocial behaviors of emerging adults. Along with the demographic sheet (comprising of 3 items: age, gender, and education), three scales: moral deficiency scale (consisting of 15 items), anti-social scale (consisting of 20 items), and prosocial behavior scale (consisting of 16 items) were adopted to develop the research instrument (questionnaire) to collect the required data. Reliability of the items was assessed by Cronbach’s Alpha. The reliability of the moral deficiency scale, anti-social scale, and prosocial scale were respectively, 0.9, 0.91, and 0.9. Targeted population for this research was consisted of 240 emerging adults enrolled in different educational institutes. Data were collected through applying multistage sampling technique. Descriptive analysis and tests of correlation, regression and t test was applied. Results highlighted that moral deficiency had negative weak impact on prosocial behavior. However, correlation coefficient between moral deficiency and anti-social behavior depicts showed strong positive relationship in emerging adults. There was not any noteworthy difference in moral deficiency between male and female. On the other hand, female adults possessed more prosocial behavior than male adults, while, male had more anti-social behaviors than female.
Copyright (c) 2023 Syeda Zainab Niaz, Nazia Zafar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship Between Students' Digital Consumption Time and Their Academic Outcome
This investigation aims to conduct empirical research on the role that absolute time on social devices has on academic performance as well as evaluate the interaction of social-economic factors in this respect. An academic study was conducted to measure digital consumption time (the number of hours spent on the internet), academic performance (as reflected by cumulative grade point average), and the different socioeconomic aspects (such as age, number of family members, and monthly income). Analysis of data was done with the use of descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and Pearson's correlation analysis. The researcher showed a positive relationship between family income and academic performance. It was found that a statistically significant association between family income and CGPA occurred at a 5% level of significance. Furthermore, a considerable influence of the time spent consuming digital content on academic success was discovered at the 10% level of significance. It implies that moderate use of the internet may result in a higher-earned cumulative grade point average. However, other socioeconomic factors, including age, the size of a household, and the duration of time devoted to varied activities, did not demonstrate any significant correlation to academic performance. According to that study's findings, family income was identified as a major determinant of academic performance; extraneous youth's time spent on consuming digital media was found to be very crucial, though it plays a role of importance on a questionable scale. This supports the implementation of measures encouraging students to be involved only in positive digital activities while having the pupils of less privileged families given help. The academic scores in public sector universities can be ameliorated significantly by planning and implementing intentional programs that focus on leveling the socioeconomic imbalances and improving levels of digital literacy.
Copyright (c) 2023 Museera Farooq, Tusawar Iftikhar Ahmad, Musarrat Jahan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of English Writing Capabilities of University Students
The purpose of my study was to analysis of English writing capabilities of university students, because for achieving good marks it is essential for the students to write English with proper expression but some of the students face problems in writing English with proper expression. Objectives of the study were 1) to analysis of English writing capabilities of university students 2) to find out the factors creating problems for students’ in writing skills. According to the nature of the study a survey method was adopted to collect the data. Population of the research study was all enrolled students in session 2018-2019 at the Islamia University of Bahawalpur. Only 500 students were taken as sample of the study to collect the data regarding the writing skills of the students. Questionnaire was developed and used to collect the data. SPSS data was used to analyze the collected data.
Copyright (c) 2022 Syeda Sidra Nosheen, Syed Zubair Haider, Farah Fida https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dropout Factor Affecting Internal Efficiency of Secondary Schools
The research aimed to evaluate the factors affecting the internal efficiency of secondary schools in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. To accomplish this goal, the research was conducted as descriptive. The researcher used a mixed-method approach to achieve the objectives of the study. According to the nature of the study, a questionnaire was designed to collect the data. The quantitative data were collected from principals using available sampling and teachers using simple random sampling, through questionnaires were presented, analyzed, and interpreted using standard deviation frequency count, mean, percentage, and T-test. Thirty-five secondary schools were selected randomly, which comprised (50%) of the total secondary schools. Thirty-five (35) Headteachers and seventy-three (73) SST teachers from Bahawalpur participated in the study. The analysis indicates that dropout emerged from factor analysis as a common factor. Based on the research finding, some of the significant factors causing student dropout rate were; students over age group; principals and teachers having low education and academics background; most parents are illiterate, and with a low standard of living, the long Distance to the school from home, student’s family standard of living, The lack of school facilities and involvement in family work were mentioned as the major challenging factors for dropout. The researcher suggests some recommendations to strengthen parent literacy and awareness-raising activities in light of the study's findings; the key ones were increased school facilities and services and minimizing the student's participation in family work. Finally, district education officers, assistant education officers, and school administrators can work hard and have a strict follow-up to allow schools to illustrate a continuing trend in minimizing dropouts of students.
Copyright (c) 2022 Mohammad Tahir Nadeem, Hina Kaynat, Hanzla Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Freire’s Dialogical Model in his Educational Philosophy from Western Perspective in Critical Pedagogy
The section is written to provide understanding to the reader about critical pedagogy through multiple perspectives. It includes a brief overview of Freire's educational perspective from Western Philosophers and scholars of the 21st century. It discussed the key issues of critical pedagogy's significance through this era's critical pedagogues with Freire, like Giroux and Chomsky. Education is not simply to transmit knowledge. Instead, it is a transformative activity. In the 21st century, a critical pedagogue who can question political, social and educational structure to reshape and reconstruct society is highly needed.
Copyright (c) 2022 Hina Gul, Nadia Jahan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Factors Affecting Personal (Menstrual Hygiene) and Academic Well-Being of Secondary School Girls: An Analytical Study
The research was conducted to explore the factors affecting personal and academic well-being of secondary school girls. The study was descriptive in nature. Quantitative approach was used to execute this research. Population of the study consisted of secondary school girls, studying in grade 8th. Purposive sampling was used to select the sample of the study. 311 girls of four Govt. secondary school were taken as the sample for quantitative data. The data was analysed through SPSS statistics using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results depicts that teachers attitude is a strong predictor of personal well-being of secondary school girls. Teachers support for safe menstrual hygiene help adolescent girls in maintaining good personal health and hygiene. It was concluded that girls face challenges while managing menstruation in schools due to intense pain/discomfort as well as unfavorable school environments. Lack of sanitary products and facilities, they find it difficult to go to school during menstruation. There is need for well-informed continuous school education programs and effective strategies to be delivered to adolescent school girls in order to adapt healthy menstrual practices.
Copyright (c) 2022 Aqsa Farooq, Salma Nazar Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Women Empowerment in The Context of Teachings of Islam
Concerning the position of women, Annie Besant described it as it is lone in the last twenty years that Europe has recognized the right of women to property, at the same time Islam has sanctioned this right from all times. It is malign to say that Islam advocates that women have no souls (Beasant, 1932). Women's empowerment is a boiling concern that is debated on every platform of the world. Despite these international and national initiatives, the position of women at the grassroots women is considered a burden in the family in various countries of the world. In the context of women's empowerment, the teachings of Islam are evident and clear and these teachings of Islam have paid much focus on the subject of women empowerment. In Islam, much emphasis has been given to the rights and duties of women. In this context, Allah has revealed the entire Sura known as Sura-Al- Nisha Surah number 4. This Sura significantly focuses on the subject of women and their share in the property that their parents leave. In addition to this, there are various verses in the other Suras of the Noble Quran which focus on the rights of women. There are also some authentic narrations of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) mentioned in the various books of Hadith which directly or indirectly emphasize women's empowerment. The present study aims to highlight the notion of women's empowerment in the context of Islamic teachings.
Copyright (c) 2022 Miss Asma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Study to Investigate the Impact of COVID-19 on Virtual Learning the Mediation Sources of E-Learning in Developing Countries
The paper considers about the constraints of the country and its populace to continue with the guidance method in the institutes in the on the web kind of partition learning, study studies the differing accessible stages and demonstrates the ones that stood utilized through assistance of the administration, for example, online passageway, Television School and Microsoft bundles for schools and the options like Zoom, Slack and Google Meet that can be utilized for online instruction and live correspondence what's more, gives examples of their utilization. The activity picked up from the panic condition of COVID 19 will compel a time of newfangled regulations, rules, stages in addition answers for imminent circumstances, as soon as the states and the administration willpower be supplementary composed than nowadays.
Copyright (c) 2021 Rao Akmal Ali, Saqib Ishaq, Danish Munir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quality of Education and University Image on Word of Mouth: Empirical Study from Pakistani Universities
This research paper aims to find the influence of service quality and university image on word of mouth in public and private sector universities. In this study the survey instruments are used from preceding researchers. Such as Service quality is adapted from previous researcher comprised of 12 items. The construct of university image has 5 items which are adapted from the earlier researcher. For the construct of word of mouth there are 6 indicators revised from the researcher. All those variables are measured on 7-point Likert scale ranging within strongly disagree=1 to strongly agree=7. The result for this study are: the findings are confirmed from the analysis of data such as service quality(SQ)show strong positive impact on university image (UI)), there is strong positive impact of service quality (SQ) on word of mouth and strong positive impact of university image on word of mouth. This study’s significance and originality is affirmed by considering that just limited examinations have been done to check the impact of service quality (SQ) and university image (UI). There is no study conducted in which the influence of both service quality and university image on word of mouth is checked. The model is not applied in any research. There are five dimensions of service quality used in this research, but some researchers showed divergent behavior on using just these five dimensions in service sector and recommended to add more suitable dimensions in this construct.
Copyright (c) 2021 Muhammad Hasnain Ali, Muhammad Arslan Siddique, Muhammad Abubakar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Corollary of Various Leadership Styles on the Quality of Education and Faculty Performance with the Moderation of Organizational Politics: A Study from Pakistani Public Universities
Financial knowledge is necessary for money management. The objective of this research is to determine the level of financial knowledge and its effect on financial literacy among university students in Punjab, Pakistan. The data was collected through a questionnaire among the different management, economic, and business students in the different universities of Punjab, Pakistan. Data were analyzed through Smart-PLS. Results showed a significant effect of financial attitude and financial Behavior on financial literacy. It also indicates that financial Behavior and financial attitude have a direct positive effect on financial literacy. While the financial influence has a non-significant and negative impact on financial literacy. This research helps to contribute to the review of literature on determinants of financial literacy among university students in the future. This study is causal to investigate the effect of leadership styles on university performance. In leadership, two dimensions are analyzed first is autocratic leadership style and second is democratic leadership style. While in University performance, two dimensions are taken, the first one is the employee's performance and the second one is quality of education. Primary data were collected through the questionnaire from the university professors from 30 public sector universities in Punjab. This study proved a negative relationship between autocratic leadership style on employees’ performance and quality of education. Moreover, there has been a positive relationship between democratic leadership style on the employee's performance as well as on the quality of education. Organizational politics enhances the negative relationship between autocratic leadership style and employees’ performance and quality of education. In addition to that, its effect is weak in the positive relationship between democratic leadership style on employees’ performance and quality of education. This study is helpful for the ministry of education to improve university performance by incorporating the findings in the policy formulation.
Copyright (c) 2020 Muhammad Hasnain Ali, Muhammad Akash Shafique, Ali Aamir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Educational Performance and its determinants: a case study of Quaid-i-Azam University
In this study, we examine the socio-economic factors affecting educational performance of university students. This study is based on data mainly taken from school of economics, and 17 other departments of Quaid-i-Azam University. In perception analysis, 51.97% of 177 participants favored government’s educational policies and 87.42 % of 159 participants concur that preservation of self-respect boosts educational performance. Descriptive analysis embodies that Grades of students decreases 5 % on average in Quaid-i-Azam University (male faces a deterioration of 7.3% and female faces a decline of 2.67% on average). Moreover, study time of students/day (250 sample size) increase 1.21 hours on average in University. Additionally, we find that there is a decline of 9.6 % in grades of Punjabi student while a deterioration of 4.7 % in grades of Balochistan and Sindh urban/rural. Regression analysis of this study shows that students having good grades in past, not affiliated with council system of university (based on ethnic groups) or student politics, giving proper time to study and sleep and regularly attending classes have good grades in the university than that of others. Bmi has negative relation with grades of students but it’s not much significant.
Copyright (c) 2021 Ayesha Manzoor, Maria Aslam, Muhammad Hasnain Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigating the Factors Affecting Financial Literacy among University Students: A Case study of The Islamia University of Bahawalpur and Bahauddin Zakariya University of Multan
Financial knowledge is necessary for money management. The objective of this research is to determine the level of financial knowledge and its effect on financial literacy among university students in Punjab, Pakistan. The data was collected through a questionnaire among the different management, economic, and business students in the different universities of Punjab, Pakistan. Data were analyzed through Smart-PLS. Results showed a significant effect of financial attitude and financial Behavior on financial literacy. It also indicates that financial Behavior and financial attitude have a direct positive effect on financial literacy. While the financial influence has a non-significant and negative impact on financial literacy. This research helps to contribute to the review of literature on determinants of financial literacy among university students in the future.
Copyright (c) 2021 Zulekha Siraj, Muhammad Ali Zafar, Ruqayya Ibraheem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Discipline as a Predicting Factor of Quality Teaching Learning Process at Primary Schools of Southern Punjab
This study deals with discipline as a predicting factor of quality teaching learning process at primary schools of southern Punjab. There are number of factors that are responsible for quality teaching learning process, discipline is one of them. Objectives were set are to identify the role of discipline in teaching learning process at primary school level; to determine the extent of discipline in teaching learning process in schools of southern Punjab; to highlight the effectiveness of positive discipline in teaching learning process in primary schools of southern Punjab and to identify the factors of quality teaching learning process in primary schools of southern Punjab. Mixed method approach was employed to conduct the study. The study was descriptive in nature. The population of the study was considered the public head teachers and PST teachers at government schools. Researcher randomly selected 15 public primary schools, 75 teachers and 15 head teachers as a sample from three tehsils of Bahawalpur district. In current study questionnaire, semi-structured interview and observation sheet was used as a research tool to collect data. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software. To analyze the items, the statistical techniques of mean score and one-independent t-test were used. Major findings of the study reveal that being a teacher I am, causes of students’ indiscipline, quality education means to me, me being a teacher have, me with my students, standards for provision of quality education and role of students in teaching learning process. Conclusion shows that discipline is a main factor that effect on quality teaching learning process.
Copyright (c) 2021 Sidra Arshad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Teachers’ Self-Efficacy in the Implementation of BS Education Curriculum in the Universities of Punjab
The current study was designed to investigate the Teachers’ Self-Efficacy in the implementation of the B.S education curriculum in the universities of Punjab. The objectives of the study were to highlight (Personal and professional) factors of university teachers’ self-efficacy, to explore (Personal and Professional) factors of chairman/chairperson’s self-efficacy and to find out the new pedagogical technique adopted by teachers to implement the B.S education curricula. The study was delimited to four public sector universities of Punjab province namely University of Education Dera Ghazi Khan Campus, Government College University Faisalabad, Zakaria University Multan and The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. The mixed-method approach was used to conduct this study. The research instrument was used according to the requirement of research and the nature of the topic. The population of the study consisted of the head of departments, teachers and students of BS education discipline. The sample size for the study was (4) head of a department, (40) teachers and (200) students for the data collection. Multistage sampling technique was used for the study for the collection of data questionnaire and semi structured interview were prepared. Semi-structured interviews for the head of departments have consisted of (12) questions. Whereas the questionnaire which was prepared for the students consisted of (38) close-ended statements and teachers questionnaire (35) close ended were based on (5) point Likert scale. Data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The research finds out that the study indicates that Participants noted that with enhanced new curricula and teaching practices, they felt that they were better teachers and more effective in enhancing student learning. conclusion of the study that Students believe that those participants who were actively involved in ongoing, embedded professional development felt that they had the necessary skills and confidence to embrace the student-based inquiry method in implementing the new curriculum. Teachers believe that professional development involvement provides clarity and direction in understanding the need for change.
Copyright (c) 2020 Iqra Amin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Communication barriers in creating an ideal learning environment: A study of Public Sector Schools of Punjab, Pakistan
Quality education is the new destination of secondary school education in Pakistan and especially in Punjab province. Quality education is impossible without creating an ideal learning environment. Success is always a joint adventure. So, communication barriers or gaps are the major hurdles for creating an ideal learning environment. A major goal of this study is to highlight those communication barriers which are hurdles in creating an ideal learning environment at public secondary schools of Punjab province. Management, teachers, and learners are three major stakeholders who create an ideal learning environment in an institution. Management and teachers are core parts of a learning environment. A descriptive research design was used to complete this study. Management and teachers are the target sample of the study. Two different questionnaires, each for school managers and school teachers were prepared which are based on a five-point Likert Scale. The study was delimited to the Multan District of Punjab province only. Interesting findings and suggestions based on findings are part of the study.
Copyright (c) 2020 Hafiz Kosar, Huma Naz, Abida Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Self-Actualization among Students of Higher Education Institutions in Pakistan
Man continually seeks to gratify some needs. As one need is satisfactorily fulfilled, it is replaced by another. Maslow characterized these needs as psychological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization. Self-actualization means the realization of one’s own capabilities to fulfill a job or work. This study is intended to know that how self-actualization is the need and desire at the higher education level in Pakistan. Two separate questionnaires each for teachers and students based on a four-point Likert scale. 150 teachers and 600 students of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahauddin Zakariya University, and the University of Punjab was the sample of the study. Almost 80% of teachers and 87% of students responded to the research tools. Factor analysis yields 7 factors for students such as personal commitment towards self-actualization, ability to work in various social situations, self-regard among university students, social efficacy of the respondents, students’ commitment to social integration, professionalism among students, and self-acceptability among university. Descriptive statistics were calculated for both the data sets. The impact of demographic variables on each factor was calculated by either using t-test or one-way ANOVA. The major findings were more than 75% of respondents showed a personal commitment to their self-actualization, more than 66% of respondents showed self-acceptance. It was concluded in the perception of both respondent teachers and students that Pakistani university students did their best to meet the expectations of life, it was concluded through the analysis of the teachers’ responses that Pakistani university students had self-acceptability. The major recommendation was self-acceptability which is necessary for self-actualization so students should be provided with the opportunities so that students may be able to realize their abilities and skills for their self-acceptability.
Copyright (c) 2020 Muhammad Zeeshan, Akhtar Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Outdoor Learning on Student Achievement At Secondary School Level
A descriptive research study explores the effect of outdoor learning on students of secondary school. Outdoor learning improves student academic outcomes to assess their success in school and student attitudes toward learning science. This study examined the learning experiences of 180 students of the secondary school of Bahawalpur by random sampling each student was observed by outdoor lessons. Each lesson lasted an hour. Students filled the questionnaire and give an opinion before and after class. Finding reported that outdoor educations are more effective at developing positive attitudes towards learning science than a typical classroom experience. The outdoor environment acts as a stimulus for creative thinking. The majority of the students showed a positive response that they would like to have more lessons outdoor as compared to indoor. The research study suggested that there is a need for outdoor learning in school to improve science scores.
Copyright (c) 2020 Asghar Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Analysis of Teaching Learning Process in Higher Education Institutions of Bahawalpur
This research work addresses the important issue of teaching learning and assessment practices in higher education institutions in the city of Bahawalpur. This study specifically focuses on the Bachelor of Science (B.S hereafter) level of study in selected institutions. Teaching learning in higher education is currently undergoing an important phase. They are facing challenges that are never faced before. This study is important to provide useful information for teaching learning and assessment, help the student to solve the problems faced by the student during learning and the purpose of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of teaching learning. The report was on an analysis of teaching learning and assessment practices among BS students in Bahawalpur. However, due to limited time and resources, it was difficult to access all the population of different regions of Bahawalpur city for a student at a masters level of 3 Government institutes: The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (IUB), Govt. Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur (GCWU) and SadiqEgerton (S. E) College, Bahawalpur. The majority of the respondent agreed with the statement that they are satisfied with the existing teaching practices.
Copyright (c) 2020 Najam Ul Kashif, Kiran Shehzadi, Zunaira Arshad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Lack of Facilities in Primary Schools of Rural Areas at Government Sector of District Bahawalpur, and Its impacts on Students
This research examines the cultural identity crisis of Igbo people, caused by the policies of European colonizers. The research discusses the superiority complex of white British people, which lead Igbo people to cultural identity crisis. The researcher highlights the disastrous phase of the African society under the influence of European culture. Igbo people lost their cultural identity by the invasion of white colonizers. The white men force the natives to change their tribal traditions during their colonial rule. Igbo people suffer from mental trauma and identity crisis. The white people impose their law on Igbo natives and exercise their authority. The democratic and altruistic characteristics of Igbo natives lead them to follow new culture and religion. The drastic changes come in Igbo traditional culture and tribal lifestyle that makes the society restless.
Copyright (c) 2021 Najam Ul Kashif, Zunaira Arshad, Kiran Shehzadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0